Polonnaruwa
Introduction
Polonnaruwa, one of Sri Lanka's most iconic ancient cities, is a treasure trove of history, culture, and natural beauty. Located in the North Central Province, this UNESCO World Heritage Site served as the second capital of Sri Lanka from the 11th to the 13th century. Polonnaruwa is renowned for its well-preserved ruins, intricate carvings, and stunning architecture that reflect the grandeur of the medieval Sinhalese civilization. For travelers seeking a blend of history, spirituality, and adventure, Polonnaruwa offers an unforgettable experience.
Historical Significance
Polonnaruwa's rise as the capital of Sri Lanka began in the late 10th century when King Vijayabahu I defeated the Chola invaders and shifted the kingdom's seat of power from Anuradhapura to Polonnaruwa. This strategic move was intended to protect the kingdom from future invasions while taking advantage of the region's fertile lands and abundant water resources. During its golden age under King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 AD), Polonnaruwa flourished as a center of art, architecture, and agriculture.
The city's layout reflects meticulous planning, with royal palaces, Buddhist temples, and irrigation systems that continue to inspire awe. The famous Parakrama Samudra, a massive man-made reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I, remains a testament to the ingenuity of ancient Sri Lankan engineers. Today, visitors can explore these remnants of a glorious past and immerse themselves in the stories etched into every stone.
Top Attractions
Royal Palace Complex :
The Royal Palace Complex houses the ruins of King Parakramabahu's palace, which once stood seven stories tall. Although only the lower levels remain, the sheer scale of the structure gives visitors a glimpse into the opulence of the era. Nearby, the Audience Hall features exquisite moonstone carvings and lion motifs.
Gal Vihara :
Gal Vihara is one of Polonnaruwa's most revered sites, featuring four colossal Buddha statues carved out of a single granite rock. These include a seated Buddha, a standing Buddha, and a reclining Buddha, each exuding serenity and craftsmanship unparalleled in ancient art.
Lankatilaka Temple :
This majestic temple showcases the pinnacle of Polonnaruwa's architectural prowess. Its towering walls and intricately designed entrance are adorned with sculptures of deities and floral patterns. Inside, a massive image of the Buddha dominates the sanctum, leaving visitors awestruck.
Parakrama Samudra :
Covering an area of over 2,500 hectares, Parakrama Samudra is not just a reservoir but also a symbol of sustainable engineering. Visitors can enjoy boat rides or simply marvel at the breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
Quadrangle :
The Quadrangle is a compact yet fascinating collection of ruins, including the Vatadage, Hatadage, and Thuparama Gedige. Each structure tells a unique story about the religious and cultural practices of the time.
Activities and Experiences
- Cycling Tours : Explore Polonnaruwa’s archaeological park on two wheels. Cycling allows you to cover more ground while enjoying the fresh air and scenic countryside.
- Birdwatching : Polonnaruwa is home to diverse bird species, especially around Parakrama Samudra. Bring your binoculars and spot colorful kingfishers, eagles, and pelicans.
- Photography : With its ancient ruins set against lush greenery and serene lakes, Polonnaruwa offers endless opportunities for photography enthusiasts.
- Local Cuisine : Don’t miss the chance to savor traditional Sri Lankan dishes like rice and curry, hoppers, and kokis at local eateries near the site.
Best Time to Visit
The ideal time to visit Polonnaruwa is during the dry season, from May to September. During this period, the weather is pleasant, making it easier to explore the outdoor attractions. Early mornings and late afternoons are particularly recommended to avoid the midday heat.
Getting There
Polonnaruwa is approximately 216 kilometers northeast of Colombo and can be reached via train, bus, or private vehicle. The journey takes around 5-6 hours by road, depending on traffic conditions. Alternatively, flights to nearby airports such as Sigiriya or Anuradhapura can shorten travel times significantly.
Accommodation Options
From budget-friendly guesthouses to luxury resorts, Polonnaruwa offers a range of accommodation options catering to all types of travelers. Many hotels provide guided tours, transportation services, and authentic Sri Lankan hospitality.
Tips for Travelers
- Wear comfortable clothing and sturdy shoes suitable for walking on uneven terrain.
- Carry sunscreen, a hat, and plenty of water to stay hydrated.
- Respect the sanctity of religious sites by dressing modestly and removing footwear where required.
- Hire a knowledgeable guide to gain deeper insights into the historical significance of the monuments.
Conclusion
Polonnaruwa is more than just a tourist destination; it’s a living museum that transports visitors back in time. Whether you’re a history buff, a nature lover, or someone looking for spiritual enlightenment, Polonnaruwa has something special to offer. As you wander through its ancient streets and marvel at its timeless beauty, you’ll understand why this city continues to captivate hearts and minds across the globe.